Western blotting identifies proteins and antibodies and has applications in diagnosing infectious diseases, protein abnormalities (such as prion disease), and autoimmune conditions. Untergasser A, Cutcutache I, Koressaar T, Ye J, Faircloth BC, Remm M, Rozen SG (2012) Primer3 - new capabilities and interfaces. Northern blotting focuses on RNA sequences and is helpful in assessing gene expression.Günzl A, Palfi Z, Bindereif A (2002) Analysis of RNA-protein complexes by oligonucleotide-targeted RNase H digestion.Kramer MC, Liang D, Tatomer DC, Gold B, March ZM, Cherry S, Wilusz JE (2015) Combinatorial control of Drosophila circular RNA expression by intronic repeats, hnRNPs, and SR proteins.RecoverAll Total Nucleic Acid Isolation Kit for FFPE. All protocols, techniques, and commercially available kits used to isolate RNA share these common attributes: iPrep PureLink® Virus Kit. Behm-Ansmant I, Helm M, Motorin Y (2011) Use of specific chemical reagents for detection of modified nucleotides in RNA. Obtaining high-quality, intact RNA is a critical step in performing northern blot analysis.Burnett WV (1997) Northern blotting of RNA denatured in glyoxal without buffer recirculation.Thomas PS (1980) Hybridization of denatured RNA and small DNA fragments transferred to nitrocellulose.

McMaster GK, Carmichael GG (1977) Analysis of single- and double-stranded nucleic acids on polyacrylamide and agarose gels by using glyoxal and acridine orange.Tabak HF, Van der Horst G, Smit J, Winter AJ, Mul Y, Groot Koerkamp MJ (1988) Discrimination between RNA circles, interlocked RNA circles and lariats using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.Starke S, Jost I, Rossbach O, Schneider T, Schreiner S, Hung LH, Bindereif A (2015) Exon circularization requires canonical splice signals.Hansen TB, Jensen TI, Clausen BH, Bramsen JB, Finsen B, Damgaard CK, Kjems J (2013) Natural RNA circles function as efficient microRNA sponges.Memczak S, Jens M, Elefsinioti A, Torti F, Krueger J, Rybak A, Maier L, Mackowiak SD, Gregersen LH, Munschauer M, Loewer A, Ziebold U, Landthaler M, Kocks C, le Noble F, Rajewsky N (2013) Circular RNAs are a large class of animal RNAs with regulatory potency.Jeck WR, Sorrentino JA, Wang K, Slevin MK, Burd CE, Liu J, Marzluff WF, Sharpless NE (2013) Circular RNAs are abundant, conserved, and associated with ALU repeats.Salzman J, Gawad C, Wang PL, Lacayo N, Brown PO (2012) Circular RNAs are the predominant transcript isoform from hundreds of human genes in diverse cell types.The northern blot, or RNA blot, 1 is a technique used in molecular biology research to study gene expression by detection of RNA (or isolated mRNA) in a sample. Sanger HL, Klotz G, Riesner D, Gross HJ, Kleinschmidt AK (1976) Viroids are single-stranded covalently closed circular RNA molecules existing as highly base-paired rod-like structures. View history Tools Flow diagram outlining the general procedure for RNA detection by northern blotting.Chen LL (2016) The biogenesis and emerging roles of circular RNAs.Lasda E, Parker R (2014) Circular RNAs: diversity of form and function.

Antibodies in northern blot analysis